Ontological And Cosmological Arguments The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Ontological And Cosmological Arguments The Existence Of deity Philosophy EssaySince the very ascendent of human life, man has well-tried to identify the source of everything. Who am I?, What made me?, Did man create the stars? If not, on that point must(prenominal)iness be a higher being than humans, but who? earthly concern have always felt the need to rely on a higher being, a god, each culture identifying him either as one or many gods working together, but ultimately they provide protection, resources and strength to everyone and everything. But who IS theology? Questions such as these prompted philosophers to ponder on the initiation of a God two of the personal credit lines produced in reference to Gods innovation shall be discussed.The two approaches of the objects argon based around the a priori and aposteriorireasoning. An a priori argument is one where the law of the proposition does not depend on prior experience. It relies on fellowship collected outside of o ur own experiences. This is said by some to be an nescient knowledge. The ontological argument is based around this reasoning. The basis of the argument itself depends on ones understanding of the nature of God. The Cosmological argument on the other hand, is aa posterioribased argument1. They argue that the truth of a proposition may just be known to be true after empirical knowledge is utilised to prove the statement true or false.2Ren Descartes,often called the father of modern philosophy, developed Anselms argument, in attempting to prove Gods existence from simply the meaning of the enunciate God. The ontological argument is a prioriargument. The basis of these arguments depends upon ones understanding of the nature of God. Anselms definition of God being a supremely perfect being, is the basis of his argument. God must be such a thing that cannot be thought not to exist if he isThan that which nothing greater can be conceived. (Anslem)Descartes points out that if you think a triangle, one of its main properties is that it has trio sides and three corners. These are the predicates of a triangle. Descartes expands his point, this measure referring to the properties of God. If something perfect is imagined, it must be even more perfect if it was in existence. Furthermore, the most(prenominal) perfect thing has all properties including existence. Descartes, therefore,believes,that a supremely perfect being hasallpredicates. Hence, if a perfect being has all predicates one of the properties must surely be existence. Therefore, if God is the greatest conceivable being and has all qualities, he must have all predicates, one of them being existence, therefore God must surely exist. Descartes says that trying to imagine God without the predicate of existence is illogical, like imagining a triangle without three sidesThe ontological argument, in whichever version, has been the object of a great deal of philosophical criticism. Traditionally, the objection posed by the 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant has been thought to be one of the most decisive. Kant argued that the problem with the argument lay in its take over that existence is a predicate. (A predicate term describes something done by a subject so, in the sentence John is eating the predicate is eating describes something that the subject, John, is doing.) Kant argued that existence cannot be a predicate because it does not sum any new information to an understanding of the subject.To be toldthat John is bald, that he is eating, andthat he is angry is to add three things to the stock of information about him. However, to be told that he exists does not genuinely communicate something about him. Likewise with God to state simply that Gods existence follows from thinking about him is to have said nothing other than that God exists. Kant argued that nothing of philosophical consequence has been learnt. It is for this reason that many modern-day philosophers have held the ontological argument to be in error.In conclusion toDescartessargument, if the most perfect thing has all predicates, then one of those properties must be existence. God is the most perfect and flawless being, hence, he must exist.Similar to the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, also known as the front cause argument, is a classical argument for the existence of God. However, unlike the ontological argument, it derives the conclusion that God exists from a posterior premise (with evidence), as it is based on what can be seen in the introduction and the universe. It points the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of the universe.The cosmological argument is based on contingency (dependent on something else) and points outthat things lift into existence because something has ca employ them to happen. The argument also states that things are caused to exist but they do not have to exist and that there is a chain of causes that goes back to the get o f time. Time began with the creation of the universe, which came into existence about 15 billion years ago.Plato argued one of the Cosmological arguments earliest forms. He argued that the power to produce movement logically comes before the power to receive it and pass it on3This basically means that if there if movement, then something has to have caused this. This could not logically go on for infinity, so there has to be a single solitary being that caused this chain of events. This he calls the First Mover. Aristotle also believed in the Prime mover, the uncaused cause, the original cause. In this respect the two arguments are very similar.St Thomas doubting Thomas developed the cosmological argument. He developed five ways, the Demonstratio, to prove the existence of God. The first three ways forms the cosmological argument as a proof of the existence of God. These three ways are, motion or change, cause and contingency.In the first way, doubting Thomas states that anything wh ich is in motion is moved or changed by something else. The object causing this push in movement is also given motion by another(prenominal) object. According to doubting Thomas, infinite regress is logically impossible, and because of this there must be something at the beginning which caused this motion, without being affected itself. This is God.It is certain, that in the world some things are in motion. Now whatever is moved is moved by another (Aquinas SummaTheologica4)From this quote, Aquinas clearly points out that, an object only moved when an external push back was applied to it. He continued that objects only changed because some external force had brought about the change. He spoke of things achieving their potential through an external influence.Aquinas used the example of fire making timber hot. When fire is applied to forest, it changes the wood to achieve its potential in becoming hot. Aquinas, in relation to the fire, stated that in order for a thing to change, a ctuality is required. If it did not, the thing would have to start the change itself, hence it would require both actuality and potential. However, Aquinas saw this as a contradiction, i.e. if wood could make itself hot then it would be hot already.Wood cannot be hot to beginwith,otherwise it would not change and become hot. Therefore, Aquinas is emphasising the fact that wood is not hot already is its actuality.Moreover, something must have made the fire change and comeabout,hence each change is the result of an earlier change. However, Aquinas reported that these early changes did not go on to infinity, so there must have been a prime mover He concluded this first mover to be no other but God.In the second way, Aquinas says that God must be an uncaused causer, because if God were the efficient cause, and physically giving the object a push, rather than being The Final Cause, the push would affect God, meaning it would be contingent rather than necessary. To help explain this argum ent of motion, Aquinas uses the idea of dominoes. One force knocking domino causes the whole line of them to fall. For the objects to go from Potentiality to Actuality there needs to be something in the beginning which has already possessed Actuality.it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, moved by no other and this everyone understands to be God (Aquinas)In the three way, Aquinas brings up the point of contingency of matter in the universe. He identifies that things come in to existence but then stop existing. He states that there must have surely been a time when nothing existed, however, for these to start existing,the universe must have always existed. Aquinas statesif at one time nothing was in existence, it would have been impossible for anything to have begun to existtherefore we cannot but admit the existence of some being having of itself its own necessityFurthermore, there must have been a necessary being to bring about this existence, this being God. He evaluated tha t if God did not exist, then nothing would exist.In conclusion, Aquinas presents in his three ways of proving the existence of God that nothing could have existed without the existence of another. Moreover, something else must have caused the existence of this cause. Hence, a chain of causes is brought about. However, Aquinas emphasises that there must a beginning to the chain of causes. If the chain of causes is finite, then it means that this being does not have to rely on anything else to come into existence. There is only one such beingGod.

Study On The Definition Of Evidence Based Practice

Study On The Definition Of consequence establish exampleI strike studied care for for 4 years in the Philippines and I pee-pee non encounter the term rise Based Practice. It took me by surprise that such subject exist. On my rootage day of class at Thames Valley University I have learned that EBP is about exploring a medical intervention through unbelief of published re take c are articles based on clinical trial conducted by various re tryers and clinicians. The parade starts by proposing a research question, and I chose to focus on Pain counseling but I have notice that pharmacological concern is too common. For such reason, I have decided to aim the attention of my research to Non-pharmacological precaution such as Diversional Therapy. This kind of therapy is seldom used in the clinical setting because a lot of medications are being discovered and used as often. As the process continues, I have learned how to properly critically appraise an article and notice its im portance no matter how old it was and upraise my problem solving skills. Furthermore, adjusting and somehow changing the learning method is a big alteration I have encounter as I exigency to spend a lot of date reading and making the paper. After all the amplitude I put into making this Folder of Evidence, I flip over the entire course a success. I have learned so much of new things that somehow I ignored before.Mapping Grid mental faculty Learning OutcomesEvidence 1Evidence 2Evidence 3Evidence 4Identify and critically examine priorities for improving institutionalize.Page 12Para 1PAsses the ability to identify induction and critically appraise its value.Page 15Para 2P precisely analyze the change commentary and discretion about the nature of evidence in health care practice.Page 12Para 1CPage 18- 21Para 2, 3, 4, 5, 6PEvaluate the possibility and in force(p)ness of evidence for change in practice.Page 24- 25Para 2, 5PLearning LogStudy Day 1 11th October 2010TopicUnder stand the Nature of EvidenceKey Concepts/IssuesEvidence Based PracticeHistoryDevelopmentTeaching/Learning bring up mathematical group DiscussionInformation Skills DevelopmentClassroom ActivityAMExploration of the Concept of Evidence Based Practice.PMSources of EvidenceDeveloping Search Skills library Session (1)Brief NotesEvidence based practice is providing the best evidence of give-and-take to facilitate effective discussion/intervention. A discussion of what to be judge from folder of evidence as it highlights how the folder will be collated and how to set aims and objectives for FOE.Study Day 2 25th October 2010TopicQuestioning Practice/ question Questions Finding EvidenceKey Concepts/IssuesThe relationship between questions and types of evidenceQuestioning own practice explore types of research questions.Developing simple and structure search strategiesTeaching/LearningLecture assort Discussion stem PresentationInformation Skills DevelopmentClassroom ActivityAM assort Presentat ion Evidence Based PracticeGroup Poster PresentationConcepts Definitions and Understandings SessionRelationship Between Questions and Types of EvidenceDescriptive and Relational QuestionsPMWriting Searchable Questions for Evidence Based PracticePICO Identifying Preliminary Search TermsDeveloping Search Skills Library Session (2)Brief NotesWe discussed how to proposed a searchable question and how key it is. I develop a government issue based on my own interest and experience beforehand. Revision of question as well as was supervised and breakdown utilize PICO framework.Study Day 3 8th November 2010Topic polariating Between enquiry Paradigms.Key Concepts/IssuesEvidence Based PracticeExperimental ResearchNaturalistic ResearchTeaching/LearningLectureGroup DiscussionQuizInformation Skills DevelopmentClassroom ActivityAMQuiz Review Research DesignsDiscussion of Types of Questions (researchable and unsearchable questions).Group soundbox of work to soften Final Practice Issue and Search QuestionRefine PICO Framework for SearchPMInclusion and Exclusion CriteriaAppraisal Tools, CASP, SIGN, AGREEGroup turn over Assessment and Discussion of Two Papers Retrieved Last Week. (Question, Design, Methods and Results).Brief NotesI have learn the different types of research designs that supports my research scheme for the 5 basal articles together with supporting documents that will be used in making EBP. This session also emphasizes the importance of PICO as this will help how to refine searches. Different idea tool was also discussed and its importance as this provide effective filter for the reliability and validity of published literature.Study Day 4 twenty-ninth November 2010TopicSystematic Reviews/Meta-analysis An Introduction judge Evidence Part 1.Key Concepts/IssuesSystematic ReviewsDeveloping Critical Appraisal SkillsTeaching/LearningLectureGroup DiscussionGroup PresentationIndividual arrangeClassroom ActivityAMGroup Presentation Features of Systematic ReviewGroup Discussion How Does an SR Differ From a Traditional Review?Appraising a Systematic Review Individual Exercise and Group Discussion.PMUsing Appraisal ToolsAppraising of an RCT and a Qualitative Study Using CASP or an Alternative Appraisal Tool.Group Discussion Analysing the Appraisal Process and Effectiveness of the Appraisal Tool.Brief NotesA systematic review is a study that identifies, appraise, select ans synthesize a collection of research articles with relevance to each piece of work.Critically pass judgment a systematic review article excludes littleer quality studies to decrease error and bias in the findings. It Assess the validity ofresearch by agency of determining whether themethods used during the study potful be trusted toprovide a genuine, accurate account of the treatment being studied.Study Day 5 6th December 2010TopicEstablishing the Quality of EvidenceKey Concepts/IssuesMaking Judgements About the Quality of EvidenceSynthesising EvidenceTeaching /LearningLectureGroup DiscussionworkshopIndividual ExerciseClassroom ActivityAMGRADE How to Move from Evidence to Recommendations.Workshop- Grading EvidencePMTutorialsIndependent Work or Further Electronic Searches.Brief NotesAs I appraise each firsthand articles collected, a summary of critical idea of the 5 primary articles was made. This strategy helped me to make an apprehension toward the affirmation of each articles towards making the summative 3.Study Day 6 13th December 2010TopicImplementing EBPKey Concepts/IssuesTranslating Evidence Into PracticeImplementing EBPGuiding Principles for Implementing EBPBarriers to Implementing EBPTeaching/LearningLectureGroup DiscussionGroup PresentationIndividual ExerciseClassroom ActivityAMGroup discussionIdentify Barriers to Implementing Evidence Base in PracticeIdentify Strategies to carrying into action that Avoid/Overcome these Barriers.PMStudents to work in pairs to devise a search strategy for use in one electronic database to ide ntify an article that describes and evaluates the introduction of evidence based change in practice.Brief NotesImplementation has its various barriers to consider such as time, support, lack of intimacy, lack of motivation of the workers and too much research evidence. As a group activity we refresh an implementation article as to determine the process of implementation of the studied intervention.Study Day 7 10th January 2011TopicEvaluating EBPKey Concepts/IssuesEvaluating Changes in PracticeApplication of a Framework for Evaluating Change.Final Module EvaluationTeaching/LearningLectureGroup DiscussionGroup PresentationIndividual ExerciseClassroom ActivityMeasurement for Improvement/ChangeSustainability of ChangeExamine Effectiveness of Evaluation Strategies.Module Evaluation and Individual TutorialsBrief NotesIt discussed about the military rank process of a study and the use of guidelines in each step. Evaluation meant by achieving a research aims and objectives and most impo rtantly if the study conducted able to get along the hypothesis, as this entails whether the study is effective or not.SUMMATIVE WORKSummative 1 Concept of Evidence-based PracticeThe challenge for best quality of care, combined with the want for recommended usage of resources has heightened the pressure on health care professionals to ensure that clinical procedures is based on sound evidence. Frequent change and advancement in treatments, an increasingly numbers of research information, and the incr easiness of expectations from clients to provide the best care possible, place high demands on healthcare providers to maintain a service that is based on current best evidence. (Bennett and Bennett, 2000). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a clear path to healthcare wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, such as the most fitted information addressable, clinical decisions for mortal longanimouss. EBP values, enhances, and builds on clinical expertise, knowledg e of disease process, and patho-physiology (McKibbon,1997). Evidence-based practice presume knowledge of and skills in literature searching, research methodologies apprehension , appraisal and apprehension of research. It also requires healthcare professionals to have access, critique and coordinate literature study with clinical experience and clients aspect. In order to gain a great interpretation about the nature of evidence in the context of health care, consideration needs to be given to the history of the evidence-based health care deed while the concept was originated in medicine, it has influenced a liberal range of health professions (Trinder Reynolds, 2000).In addition, it is an approach to decision-making that has permeated all aspects of healthcare. Its characterize can be seen in some of the leading health systems and government health policies across the world. EBP model highlights the value of research as a source of information which is potentially less sloped than new(prenominal) sources for informing practice, it also clearly acknowledges the importance of integrating this research with clinical expertise and clients perspectives (Sackett et al., 2000). Moreover, it involves complex and reliable decision-making based not on available evidence alone but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences. Changing practice is not easy to do therefore careful selection of the topic is rattling significant. For the benefit of the patient is of first importance when selecting a topic, however it can not be the main basis as to literary evidence is inadequate to figure what are the benefits. Researchers must also consider the time, level of consumption and other resources for the study. Research evidence is most frequently free-base in peer-reviewed journals as this is where results are first published and where enough detail on methodology exists to make informed judgements on the validity and clinical relevance of the findings (Bury Jerosch-Herold, 1998). Research using the strongest and most appropriate study design for the question being studied, will provide the best evidence.Summarizing the evidence is a vast intellectual drive according to Fitzpatrick (2007). Healthcare workers must be capable combining ideas and recommendations from an extent of references to make appropriate advices. Implementing a plan is consider challenging because standards and regulation of an giving medication can either help or ruin an EBP approach to care. Evaluation process involves short term and long term coverage to provide ingrained data.Word count= 503Reference identifyBennett S Bennett J (2000) The process of evidence-based practice in occupational therapy Informing clinical decisions. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 47 p171-180.McKibbon K (1997) Evidence-based practice. Bulletin of Medical Library Association. 86(3)p396-401Trinder, L., Reynolds, S. (Eds). (2000). Evidence-Based Practice A critical a ppraisal. Oxford Blackwell Science.Sackett D, Richardson W, Rosenberg W, Haynes R (2000).Evidence based medicine How to practice and teach EBM (2nd edn). Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone.Bury T Jerosch-Herold C. (1998). class period and critical appraisal of the literature. Evidencebased healthcare. A practical guide for therapists Oxford Butterworth Heinemann. p136-161Fitzpatrick J (2007. Finding the research for evidence-based practice,part one The development of EBP 103 (17) p.32-33Summative 2 Critical discussion on formulating question using PICOThere are many times that new information is required when contemplating clients in order to analyze clinical problems and make treatment resolutions, and these questions pertains to a specific client or groups of people. Questions usually arise concerning the effectiveness and choices of an intervention, how treatments are best implemented and whether there are any associated difficulties included (Bennett and Bennett, 2000).The questi on for this study is about the effectiveness of Diversional Activities as a form of suffering management to paediatric clients. Pain management is the alleviation of agony and suffering of a patient with the use of Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological treatment or nursing intervention. Diversional therapy is a non-pharmacological approach and a client centered practice that recognizes the leisure and recreational experiences of an individual (Diversional Therapy Association of Australia,2008).Through the act of psychological and behavioral factors regarding pain, costless medicine are significant in altering pain experiences. These interventions bears to minimize fear, worry, pain and heighten a clients bodily process.According to Bennett and Bennett (2000), when there is uncertainty, the need for information can be interchange into a clinical question. Clearly framing a question not only clarifies what to aim, but it can also facilitate the search for answers. Sackett et al. (1 997) point out that the identification of congruent data for answering a particular clinical question may be facilitated by diving the question into components including A client or a dilemma being considered, an intervention or power being considered, outcomes of interest you would like to measure or achieve and a parity. PICO represents an acronym for Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome. These four components are the essential elements of the research question in EBP and of the wind of the question for the search of evidence (Santos et al. 2007). The PICO strategy can be used to compose several kinds of research analysis, originated from clinical practice, human and material resource management, the search of evidence assessment instruments, among others. The research question allows for the correct definition of which evidence is needed to solve the clinical research question, focuses on the research scope and avoids prickss searching (Fleming, 1999). Based on the c linical question formulated and utilization of PICO, a literature search strategy can then be formulated that includes search terms reflecting each component of the question.The next step in the evidence-based practice process is to search the literature for evidence that may assist in acknowledging the question posed. The literature search will be focused by the clinical question that has been identified with use of PICO, as well as other relevant information (Bennett and Bennett, 2000). While evidence for informing clinical decisions may come from various sources including clinical experience, education, textbooks, discussion amongst colleagues and from clients, evidence from well-performed research may be less prone to bias or to the tendency to believe what we want to believe ( Tickle-Degnen, 1999).The internet and the portals of open-access journals allow for accessibility to knowledge, keywords such as non-pharmacological, complimentary medicine and diversional therapy were us ed to search for the 5 primary articles to be used for this study. An article must be good and interesting, should be well written, and old articles are also considered. Moreover, comprises a body of knowledge in academic and scientific based from an original research.Word count= 548Reference ListBennett S and Bennett J (2000) The process of evidence-based practice in occupational therapyInforming clinical decisions. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 47 p.171-180Diversional Therapy Association of Australia(2008) what is diversional therapy?online. available athttp//www.diversionaltherapy.org.au/Home/tabid/38/Default.aspxFlemming K.(1999) Critical appraisal 2 Searchable questions.NT Learn Curve 3(2) p. 6-7.Sackett DL, Straus S, Richardson S, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB (2000) Evidence-based medicine how to practice and teach EBM.Churchill Livingstone. 2nd edition.Santos C, Pimenta C, Nobre M.(2007) The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidencesearch. Rev Lat ino-am Enfermagem maio-junho. 15(3) p.508-11.Tickle-Degnen,L. (1999). Organizing, evaluating and using evidence in occupational therapy practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 53 p.537 539.Summative 3 Synthesis of research findings.This part of work is the review of the 5 primary articles chosen for the topic effectiveness of diversional activities for pain management to pediatric clients. The articles will be analyzed by using CASP tool, examining each relevant findings and by compare and contrasting ideas of each authors, thus, resulting to further evaluation of such intervention in hospital and non-hospital setting for its efficacy. This research desires to have a thorough understanding of non-pharmacological intervention in managing pain to children that soon will complement pharmacological management by provide stronger evidence. Pain is a dreadful feeling and activated experience related to injury or damage to children s body, it is usually caused by trauma, dise ase, medical procedure or surgery. Pain may affect children s appetite, sleeping patterns and lessen energy level hence disabling child to do things. Pediatric pain is complex and often difficult to assess, that is why effective pain management in children is a challenge to medical practitioners because there are many special considerations when providing treatment. On the other hand, non-pharmacological therapies or diversional activities are treatment that do not use medicines to decrease or subordination child s pain. They may convey comfort to the patient during a long standing condition or illness. Certain activities may help improve the child s state by making him/her more comfortable and warm uped. It involves methods such as teaching and leading your child through thinking exercises and other techniques. It can also be used before and after a child undergoes abominable experience, such as medical procedure or surgery.Vessey et al. (1994) stated that, Distraction is the si ngle most commonly used diversional activity among children. Fernandez (1986) stated that distraction refers to the cathexis of attention to a non-noxious event or stimulus in the immediate environment. When a patient worries too much about his/her pain causes more pain than what is really there. Vessey et al (1994) surveyed 100 children, aged 3 years to 12 years, majority are males (62%) to examine the effectiveness of Distraction method during venipuncture or needle prick, the child s memory may lead to stressful psychological responses, such as crying, and physical responses such as venous constriction during the procedures. It is important that in conducting a study the respondent s age, developmental level and prior hospital experience must be considered during the selection, Broome (1985). Furthermore, Researchers uses the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating outdo in evaluating children s perception of pain. Wong-baker pains scale is know to be a reliable and valid device for child ren 3- 18 years of age in evaluating their pain,Wong and Baker (1988). In using distraction, the patients may paint, play with friends, watch TV and play with board games or video games and other novelty toys to help them relax and deflect their attention during the procedure since it provokes curiosity and require children to use their auditory, visual, tactile and /or kinesthetic senses. These activities may keep them from thinking about the pain.Weekes et al (1988) straiten is known to pubic louse patients for years during and after the completion of anti cancer treatments. According to National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), (2005) the role of imagination can play in a childs ability to cope with painful operations. The NICE concluded that there was a strong evidence for the use of hypnosis in alleviating degenerative pain associated with cancer. Richardson et al (2006) mentioned that hypnosis is a method where the subject is guided by another to respond to suggesti ons for changes in subjective experience such as perception, sensation, emotion, melodic theme or behavior. It can be utilized in a variety of ways to cut down stress, acquire coping strategies and halt the experience of pain. Self-hypnosis tends to ease self management of symptoms, hence providing a sense of self-efficacy and control over pain and distress, however, it creates less therapeutic benefit compared to therapist- directed hypnosis. It is evident that patients who underwent hypnosis reported less anxiousness and pain while using direct and indirect forms of hypnosis, demonstrating leveled effectiveness. Though, there is some evidence that under hypnosis, girls exhibited more distress behavior compared to boys, Katz et al (1987). Richardson et al (2006) concluded that hypnosis has potential as a clinically valued intervention that could impart to the establishment of procedure- related pain and distress in pediatric cancer patients.Oshikoya et al ( 2008) reported that com plementary and selection medicine has been advantageous for children by some parents, such benefits includes prevention of illness, maintenance of good health, relief of musculoskeletal pain, control of asthma symptoms, treatment of mild respiratory problems, relief of sickle cell anemia and enhancement of the immune system in cancer. 80% of the parents used alternative medicine to cure their children during the study, however, 7% discontinue the use of such practice because the symptoms of the illness come about in their children with exacerbation after their regular medications had been discontinued. Moreover, Kemper et al (2010) expressed that pediatric patients benefit from stress diminution by means of using complimentary medicines and techniques such as biofeedback which teaches the child to control and calm body s reactions when there is pain, it is one of the treatments researched most extensively for migraine, Allen (2004). Guided imagery is used by letting the patient im agine that he/she is his/her favorite place, the patient will feel safe and relaxed and pain may be decrease. Relaxation and self-hypnosis methods that re mostly used for migraines and headache by asking the child to occur slowly and deeply and let the patient imagine that his/her muscles are relaxing.. Holroyd and Drew (2006) stated that cognitive behavioral therapy has been utilized successfully to help manage headaches, depression, and anxiety, Lawler and Cameron (2006). This practice has proven effective in reducing migraine headaches, improves mood and cognitive function through an experiment. Also, Acupuncture and Massage can help both adults and pediatric patients who have chronic headache and can be provided by family members, which allows for more regular, inexpensive and favorable treatments.Salantera et al (1999) investigates 265 nurses about the knowledge and abilities of nurses towards pain management of pediatric clients. Health care practitioners such as nurses, are well placed to provide such supportive interventions in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. According to Ross et al (1991) Healthcare providers lack of knowledge and negative attitudes may lead to under medication and under treatment of pain. Nurses are close to the children the whole day and have more chance to use non-pharmacological pain management methods in their work. Clarke et al (1996) that education about pain was most inadequate in areas of non-pharmacological interventions to relieve pain, the variation between acute and chronic pain, and the anatomy and physiology of pain. Nurses knowledge differed according to their age, education, and place of work, and uses a fairly wide range of non-pharmacological pain alleviation methods, most of the time the nurse was in the active role and the child was passive, restricting the child to take an active part in their own pain comfort. Studies shows that children like to have some responsibility for their own c are. Furthermore, Pederson and Harbaugh (1995) explicit that there are obstacles in terms of using non-pharmacological pain management in hospital setting and embed to be that excess workload, lack of proper materials, lack of knowledge and skills, and not knowing the child were the most common problems nurses confronts. Some of them felt that they receive very brief education on non-pharmacological pain management, and 90% had no documented evidence of the use of any non-pharmacological modalities to relieve pain that will serve as nurse s guidelines. The nurses who thought they had good knowledge about non-pharmacological management got a lower score from the survey, nurses consider themselves knowledgeable in stress reduction but not in play therapy and hypnosis method. Effective pain management in children requires cognition of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. There are evidence found that nurse s characteristics, such as age, knowledge, experience, intuiti on, attitudes and beliefs, as well as nurses personal experience with pain, determines their implementation of pain interventions and knowledge about it. Nurses should be encourage to actively seek new information and extend their training. More comparative, dismantling, constructive, and process oriented research strategy is required in the area of non-pharmacological pain management and different practice of pain alleviation should be generalized.Non- pharmacological approach has been found to be an effective adjunct method for the control of pain. A wide range of complementary and alternative medicine therapies are being used by children, including herbs and dietary supplements. Given the influence of psychological and behavioral factors on pain, non-pharmacological interventions are important in altering pain perception/behaviors. Diversional activities are intervention used for managing pain in both children and adult to reduce fear and, minimize distress and pain and increase a childs sense of control. For these techniques to be effective, it must be appropriate to patient s age and developmental abilities and must also be appealing to the recipient. There is still continues need to educate the medical community regarding the long term outcomes of pain control.Word count = 1514Reference ListAllen KD (2004) Using biofeedback to make childhood headaches less of a pain. Pediatric Annual. 33 241-245Broome M (1985). The child in pain A model for assessment and intervention. Critical care quarterly, 8 47-55Fernandez E (1986). A classification system of cognitive coping strategies for pain. Pain. 26 141- 151.Holroyd KA, Drew JB (2006) Behavioral approaches to the treatment of migraine. Seminar Neurology. 26 199- 207Katz E, Kellerman J, Ellenberg L (1987) Hypnosis in the reduction of acute pain and distress in children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 12 379- 394Kemper K, Breuner C, (2010) Complimentary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine Headaches. American academy of pediatrics, 31(2) p.17- 23Lawler SP, Cameron LD (2006) A randomized, controlled trial of massage therapy as a treatment for migraine. Annual Behavioral Medicine. 32 p50-59National Center for complimentary and alternative medicine, NIH (2007) Non-pharmacological pain management therapies for children. Available at http//nccma.nih.govNational Institute for clinical excellence (NICE) (2005) Service guidelines for improving outcomes in children and young people with cancer-second consultation. Available at http//www.nice.org.uk/pdf/cacancer_2ndcons_manual.pdfOshikoya K, Senbanjo I, Njokanma O, Soipe A ( 2008) Use of complimentary and alternative medicines for children with chronic health conditions in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC complimentary and alternative medicine 8 (66), p.1- 8Pederson C, Harbaugh B. (1995) Nurses use of Non-pharmacological techniques with hospitalized children. Issues comprehensive pediatric Nursing 18 91- 109Richardson J, smith J, Pilkington K (2006) Hypnosis for procedure-related pain and distress in pediatric cancer patients A systematic review and methodology related to hypnosis interventions. Journal of Pain and symptom Management, 31 (1) p.70- 83Ross RS, Bush JP, Crummette BD (1991) Factors affecting nurses decisions to administer PRNanalgesic medication to children after surgery an analog investigation. Journal of pediatric Psychology, 16 151-167Salantera S, Lauri S, Salmi T, Helenius H (1999) Nurses knowledge about pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management in children. Journal of Pain and symptom Management, 18 (4) p. 289- 299Vessey J, Carlson K, McGill J (1994) Use of Distraction with Children during an acute pain experience. Nursing Research, 43(6) p. 369-372Weeeks DP, Savedra MC (1988) Adolescent cancer coping with treatment- related pain. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 3 318- 328.Wong D, Baker C (1988) Pain in children s comparison of assessment scales. Pediatric Nursing, 14 19- 17.

Integrated Children and Youth Social Services

Integrated Children and Y kayoedh societal profitsIntegrated Children and Youth Social ServicesIntroductionThe development of integrated answers in Hong Kong aims to reduce the fragmentation and duplication of services, fill service gaps, make manpower deployment and resources allocation become to a greater extent flexible, and concern community necessitate (Angie Hong Kong Government, 1991).According to Social Welf ar Department, integrated children and youth service centre (ICYSC) integrates children and youth centre-based team, enlighten cordial make up team and outreach team to better reply the multiple involve of children and youth aged from 6 to 24 using the total person approach. at that place are four main objectives as shown belowFacilitating the personal development of children and youth to develop their life skills, potential and problem-solving ability.Enhancing the well-disposed development of children and youth in building up positive social value and atti tudes, enhancing interpersonal and family relationships as well as contributing to the well being of the community.Adopting a community-based planning strategy to address to local youth take and to arouse the communitys concerns on youth issues so that young people could grow up in a more concerned and validatory environment.Providing guidance and reinforcement to children and youth in separate circumstances much(prenominal) as disadvantaged family environment, deprived living environment and unfavourable social environment etc. and to direct them to more positive lifestyle.ICYSC mainly provides four kinds of core programs, including social responsibility and competence enhancement programmes, supportive services, socialization programmes, and guidance and steering services. Social responsibility and competence enhancement programmes substructure enhance civic mindfulness and involvement of children and youth in community issues. Supportive services for disadvantaged childre n and youth aim at facilitating mutual support and enhancing their personal as well as social functioning. Socialization programmes aim at helping children and youth enhance the interpersonal and family relationships and development of life skills. Guidance and counseling services aim at providing opportunities for children and youth to deal with their difficulties and stress.Apart from the core programmes, ICYSC similarly pore on how mess the centre attract more children and youth, how to enable them to utilize their leisure time constructively, how to build rapport with members and their families, and how to build up community links. Among the work of ICYSC, community needs should be given the highest priority and the centre should collaborate with other significant persons or dodges which affect the welfare of the children and youth.There is no order or guidelines about what integrated model should be adopted by ICYSC. The integrated model really depends on the agency and th e community served so that clients and residents are best benefited.Strengths and Limitations of ICYSCThe areas of strengths and weaknesses of ICYSC can be interpreted in varied kinds of integration as different agencies may apply different integration models or concepts.Service desegregationFor service users, service integration allows earlier intervention, the service gap is narrowed and the stigmatization of clients are lessened. However, this may weaken services for groups with special needs, such as marginal youth. For workers, higher degree of coordination can be developed with insights from colleagues but it takes much time to communicate and both workload and pressure are increased. For agency, there can be higher flexibility in deploying manpower and resources, preventing the overlapping of services. Nevertheless, it increases the time needed and the difficulty in management and coordination. The note of lapse may be lowered. There may also be insufficient space in pe ak periods, including after school hours and weekends. These may affect the quality of service to children and youth.Profession-oriented IntegrationDifferent professionals gather and work together. For example, policemen work with social workers in Police Superintendent Discretion Scheme. Teachers cooperate with social workers to hold school events for students. With different professional skills and knowledge, the quality of service can be increased. Multi-level and multi-disciplinary interventions are also available. However, as every profession may have its own values and preferences, it requires much time for discussion, collaboration and implementation of services. In case of conflicts among professionals, conflict-resolution is required. In this way, the quantity of time providing direct services to children and youth may become limited.Method-oriented IntegrationDifferent intervention methods like casework, group work, community work, asset-based community development model c an be merged together to form a multi-level intervention. This makes it more flexible to fulfill clients with different needs. This kind of integration trains workers skills and build up their knowledge so the services provide to children and youth can meeting the changing societal needs. Since workers have to step into and consider many intervention methods together, the workload and pressure of workers are highly increased. If they are burnt out, the efforts paid in functional lead be decreased.Agency-oriented IntegrationDifferent agencies can collaborate together and increase their resource pool by sharing. Resources can be manpower, financial support professional service or specific knowledge and skills. A typical example would be volunteer group where children and youth centre works with remote centre or rehabilitation centre. These kinds of cooperation can best utilized resources from and strengths of different agencies, avoiding the overlapping of services. As this kind o f integration requires the collaboration of different agencies and the efforts to match clients needs with resources, it is relatively time-consuming.Locality-oriented IntegrationSimilar to agency-oriented integration, locality-oriented integration makes use of the resource pool but it is particularly from community and aims at serving community needs. The sharing of resources strengthens the interflow and referral system with agencies in the same locality, reducing the administration process and enhancing the cohesion in the community. Social capital built and convenience are beneficial to service users. Again, it is sometimes time-consuming as consensus and negotiation are not easy to achieve.Client-oriented IntegrationDifferent services under one roof can be served to different clients profiles or needs. The services are more person-centered so as to promote holistic development of clients, serving multiple and developmental needs throughout their life-spans by single point of en try. To fully adopt this integration, high level of coordination among teams as well as case management are crucial. Outreach work has to be carried out in order to better understand clients needs. Hence, workers may have higher workload and pressure. There may also be conflicts between different types of clients.There are also some general limitations of ICYSC model. Models are not regularly and comprehensively evaluated. The government didnt provide clear operational guidelines to NGO on the way of implementation of integration. Owing to the governmental subvention (i.e. lump sum grant), service providers have to fulfill requirement of funding service agreement so they focus more on quantitative output than qualitative outcome. With fixed amount of subvention, agencies compete with each other to apply for resources and funding. When services are enjoin by funding, it may not fit the community needs well. The lump sum grant also hinder long-term planning of services and sustainabl e service development as no one can guarantee there will be enough resources for the events in the coming years.Improvement on Implementation of ICYSCThere are some suggestions on how to improve the implementation of ICYSC model. And they are categorized into worker, agency and policy levels.1) Worker LevelThe government may support mandatory training to social workers and other relevant professions to let them master and update their knowledge and skills to meet the changing integration environment. Workers may also make use of their free time and working hours to better equipped themselves to comply with agencys integration model.2) Agency LevelThe agency can review community needs regularly and frequently. It can also develop a web-based electronic database for more effective case-management and share among multi-disciplinary teams confidentially so as to provide more integrated and real-time client-based information. The pool of resources should be strengthened by developing sel f-sustaining services and reducing the limitation from government funding.3) indemnity LevelThe government should introduce emergency funding to meet new or sudden community needs and provide financial security to serve long-term planning in NGO. FSA should be evaluated and restructured based on quality and fulfillment of community needs. ICYSC models should be regularly evaluated to see if amendment is needed with the invitation of suggestions from agencies and citizens. Although different districts may have different needs, there should be some common needs for children and youth in Hong Kong. It is good to synchronize services for these common needs among service providers in Hong Kong. Last but not least, tripartite collaboration among the public, the private sector and the government should be enhanced so resource pool will be magnified and self-sustainability can be promoted.ConclusionIt is hoped that by adopting the more appropriate integration model, understanding the stre ngths and weaknesses of the adopted integrated model with continual military rating and improvement, children and youth can satisfy their diverse needs in a holistic manner. Children and youth can enjoy one-stop and user-friendly services. Hence, the future generation can be nurtured well and contribute to society when time comes.(1497 words) ReferencesAngie, Y. The purpose and future development of social services integration.Hong Kong Government (1991). White paper on social welfare into the 1990s andbeyond. Retrieved 9 May, 2014, from http//ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B38633498.pdfSocial Welfare Department. Funding and service agreement (lump sum grant)integrated children and youth service centres (ICYSC). Retrieved 9 May, 2014, from http//www.swd.gov.hk/doc/fsa_sd/ICYSC.pdfSocial Welfare Department. Integrated children and youth service centres. Retrieved9 May, 2014, from http//www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_young/sub_centreserv/ id_integrated4/

The Black Death Essay -- History European Plague Plagues Essays

The Black expirationIt is impossible to discuss Europes history without mentioning the Plague of 1348, also known as the Black finis. The Black Death reached Italian shores in the spring of 1348. The presence of such a plague was enormously devastating making its mark in unprecedented numbers in recorded history. According to records, it is estimated to have killed a third of Europes world. The Black Death was caused by bacteria named Yersinia Pestis. This germ was transferred from rats to fleas and then to humans. This disease paste quickly due to the infestation of rats. Also, sanitary conditions were very poor which did not help the problem at all. When a human was infected, the bacteria moved from the bloodstream traveling to the lymph nodes. The plague occurred in three forms, however, the most commonly seen form was the bubonic plague. The bubonic plague refers to the painful swelling of the lymph nodes also known as buboes. Victims were subject to bodily aches, headaches, vomiting, and nausea. Plague victims underwent severe damage to skin leading to bleeding under the skin which transformed to dark blotches, hence the term inexorable death. The forming of these dark blotches was a sign of sure death within four to seven days. The consequences of this plague were tragic. The consequences included depopulation, economics and religious effects, and social change. The great population loss only served to worsen the economy. This massive plague also caused many people to lose faith in their religion, weakening the power of the church. After 1350, European culture in general turned extremely melancholic. The general mood was a depressing one. Once vivacious art was now dark with federal agency of death. It is easy to see how overcoming this era could force man to believe he is Great, maybe even invincible. It could also force humans to believe they have a lot to be grateful for and this quality of mind allowed them to take advantage of everything that is useful. Man is now at the center of the Universe and all men should examine for an ideal life. We call this rebirth era the Renaissance. Could something so morbid give way to something as beautiful as the Renaissance? Perhaps we owe a substantial portion of the Renaissance to the Black Death. The Renaissance is everything the Black Death wasnt, as its survivors felt compelled to thrive in... ...Black Death passed, new advancements in architecture also became present. Small towns grew to prospering cities. This is clear evidence of Renaissance culture. Many Renaissance scholars perfected the art of educating.Many factors that emerged from the plague, consequently, paved the way for the Renaissance to emerge. The constant reforms in religion, art, medicine and science provided the basis for the Renaissance. Major Renaissance figures such as Boccaccio devoted many of their writings to the Black Death. The Renaissance was given its sense of vicissitude and rebirth after experienci ng something as horrid as the Black Death. The Black Death allowed people of the Renaissance to realize all they were grateful for. The Black Death was the inspiration for the newly educated people to prosper in arts and new ideas about their world.Bibliography Books and Journal ArticlesM.W. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle easternmost (Princeton, 1970)American Historical Review, June 2002 v107 i3 p703(36)Bondanella . Musa, The Italian Renaissance Reader,First Printing,1987U.S. News & World Report, April 29, 2002 p63Monkeyshines on Health and Science Biology, Jan 2002 p8(1)

Consider the accuracy of Lear?s claim that he is ?a man / More sinned a

King Lear is throught the whole play a man who is a sinner and the victim of the evil deeds of those who smother him, those he keeps most close mostly are the worst sinners against him. He thinks he does the right good things but has to find out that almost everything he did out of meaning well by the people he considered as the good ones at the time he did it were the revile moves. When Lear realizes that his moves seem to have been wrong he tells Kent and the Fool during a storm that he is a man / More sinned against than sinning, knowing that he besides made mistakes, non solo the others. But is King Lear really more of a victim than a guilty one?The most shoc king and maybe also the most inglorious sin of King Lear is the disinheriting and chasing out of Cordelia by her own father right at the beginning of the play. When Cordelia is asked by Lear to tell him how much she loves him she answers in a stylus Lear did not expect by not telling him sweet words he liked so much when they were told to him by Goneril and Regan be forrad. She tells him that she loves him like a little girl loves her father and nothing more. Lear gets mad at her and calls for France and Burgundy, to give her to one of them as his wife. Lear disinherits Cordelia and she has to leave her home to become the wife of France.When King Lear sends away Cordelia he also sends away his most loyal man, Kent. Kent tries to warn Lear about making a big mistake by sending away Cordelia and only listening to what Goneril and Regan say, not thinking about the consequences the disinheriting of Cordelia might have. King Lear banishes Kent and says that he will have Kent executed if he dares to ever come back again. King Lear cant realize that Kent is one of the rightful(a) loyal men around him. Kent is even after that horrible treatment still loyal to his king so he comes back and serves him again in disguise. King Lears rage doesnt allow him to see that Kents advise is only ment to protect a nd help his king, not to show and kind of disrespect to him.The King is obviously not able to see that Goneril and Regan some(prenominal) are lying to him and that they some(prenominal) are only act to blind him even more to reach their goals. Both daughters use the knowlegde they have about their father to take advantage of him. His personality helps them a lot because the king seems to be a man that enjoys and loves to be blinded by sweet words... ...ze her death in the end and dies believing Cordelia, who he now knows was the only true loving daughter of the three, is still alive. After all I come to the conclusion that the statement of King Lear about himself is not really accurate. My opinion is that Lears sins weight stronger and the sins against him are the pure results of his own doings. His rage and temper and feel have made him send away Cordelia and so is he responsible fore her fate and death in the end.I also think that Lears bad personality had a very bad influenc e on both of his elder daughters and that his bad way of treating people have shown both Goneril and Regan in what ways you can behave when you are the one in power. Of course Goneril and Regan both already might have had their own weaknesses but King Kears behaviour in front of them might also have done a lot of damage.So I believe that if Lear had not commited so many sins himself he would never have fallen like this. And it is also because of his sin of pride that to him the sins of the others against him seem so bad while his own sins are not that strong in his eyes.This is why I think King Lear is not a man more sinnes against than sinning.

Bob Marley Essay -- Rastafari Reggae Music

Thesis Statement Bob Marleys life affected his writing and contributed to the emergence of his poetry.Bob Marley is without a doubt the greatest musician a third world country ever produced. Through Rastafari ideas, he influenced many others with songs that touched the lives of millions with his continuous message of unity. His wisdom through experience helped him achieve a grand distinction over other artists.In the year 1944, Captain Norvol Marley, a middle-aged white marine officer, married a young Jamaican girl named Cedilla Booker. On February 6, 1945 at two thirty in the morning their son, Robert Nesta Marley, otherwise know as Bob Marley was born in his grandfathers house (The Story). Soon after Bob was born his father left his bring forth. Bobs Father did, however give financial support and occasionally arranged to see his son. It was now the late fifties and jobs were scarce in Jamaica. Bob followed his mother from their home in St. Ann to Trenchtown (West Kingston) to se ek employment in the big city.Trenchtown got its name because it was built over a ditch, which drained the sewage of old, Kingston. In Trenchtown Bob worn-out(a) a lot of his time with his good friend Neville Livingston, who people called by his nickname, Bunny. He began to attend a music class with Bunny, which was held by the famous Jamaican singer Joe Higgs. In that class they met Peter Macintosh and soon became good friends. When Bob was 16, he started to follow his dream of becoming a musician. According to Michael Anderson, medication to many young Jamaicans was an escape from the harshness of everyday life (Anderson, 1). Bobs life looked brighter on February 10, 1966 when he married girlfriend Rita Anderson. Rita gave birth to their first gear born whom they named Cedilla. Stephen, Sharon, and Ziggy then followed Cedilla. Bob Marley had quite a massive rsum for his artistic career. It first started when he met Jimmy Cliff, who at the age of 14 had already recorded a couple of hit songs. After meeting Bob, Jimmy introduced him to Leslie Kong, a local record producer. Bob followed his advice and auditioned for Leslie Kong (Lieblich, 7). Bobs tuneful talents shone much more brightly than anyone else that day and found him in the studio recording his first single referee Not. Unfortunately neither Judge Not nor his 1962 single One More Cup of Coffee did very wel... .... He used his ideas and beliefs not to create but to solve problems. The life he lived as a Rasta allowed him to generate songs that are treasured significantly. It has always been said legends never die and with such musical genius, Bob Marleys legend leave live on. BIBLIOGRAPHYHauler, Joe. Bob Marley Biography. MSN Search. Online. Available Online. 3 Nov. 2001. Available at http/www.rollingstone.com/artist/bio.asp?oid=185.Lieblich, Julia. Beyond Dreads, To Roots of Rastafari, Star Tribune, B 7, August 15, 1998.Marley, Rita. Remembering Bob Marley, Essence. 16 18, February 1, 1995.Mich ael Anderson. The Biggest Tribute To Bob Marley. Lycos. 20 Mar. 1998. Online. America Online. 4 Nov. 2001. Available at http/www.thirdfield.com/.Mirkin, Steve. Roots Rock Reggae, Rolling Stone. 24 13, April 15, 1998.Salewicz Chris. American Music 50s Rhythm and vapors Influence Bob Marley Google. Online. Internet. 1995. Available at http/www.bobmarley.com/life/musical/influences/Americanmusic/index.html.Sisano, Ben. All-Star Tribute To Jamaicas Native Son, New York Times, III 55, December 19, 1999.The Story. Chicago Thames and Hudson, 1996.

Polyethylene and Polyterephthalate are Outdated Essay -- Polymer PET P

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Outdated Is the World Ready for a New Plastic?AbstractThis paper explains the mental synthesis of polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) also known as pet. It states the properties of the fictile as well recycling methods. My goal was to findout what makes PET the number one plastic, both in consumption as well as the mostrecycled. I also searched for new polymers that are being created by scientists andcompare them to PET to see if there was a plastic out there that is better for theenvironment. I found a few alternatives that would be able to replace PET but arentbeing used. I also found a fire-proof polymer called BHDB which can replace thepreviously used polymer.Poly(ethylene terephthalate), a plastic found in soda bottles, earthnut butter jars,and even pillow and sleeping bag filling 1, is the most used and recycled plastic. AsAmericans we use about 2.5 billion plastic bottles per hour. Most of this plastic that weare using, though, ends up not on ly in land fields but in oceans and other undesirableplaces, only a small designate of it is actually recycled. Plastic are long chains of polymericmolecules. Unlike paper or other compounds, plastics are commonly used for theirqualities such as durability weight, processibility, cost, corrosion, and impact resistance. 2The basic composition of polymers includes oil, coal and natural gas though recently theyhave been more petroleum-based1. About 140 million tons per year are produced and alot of that ends up as waste in land fields 1.There are many characteristics PET has that contribute to the popularity of thispolymer. Among those characteristics are lightweight, low density, low cost, mechanicaltoughness, dura... ...e motivatedand helping me make my paper the best it can be. Thanks to Ryan Dill for the title capriceand lastly the girls of Room 303, without them Id still be writing the first sentence of mypaper. 7Works Cited1 Biotechnology Advances Volume 26, Issue 3. ScienceDi rect May-June 2008 Pages246-265. 24 July 2008.1&_user=4421&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4421&md5=34933854b44913198526946dc2afce962 PET. 24 July 2008.3 How to Recycle PET. KenPlas. 24 July 2008.4 New Enviro-Friendly Flame-Retardant Synthetic Polymer post 31 May 2007. 24July 2008.