Introduction to Noise Pollution

Introduction to Noise Pollution NOISE POLLUTION The word Noise is derived from the Latin word nausea which means feeling of sickness at the stomach with an urge to vomit. Disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains. What is Noise Pollution? According to Odum, noise pollution is the unwanted sound dumped into environment without regard to the adverse effect it may have. Noise pollution may be defined as any unwanted electromagnetic signal (sound) that produces a jarring or displeasing effect and which interferes with human communication, comfort and health. Noise pollution also caused when the loudness of the sound becomes irritating or unbearable. Noise pollution also refers to perturbations which interfere in the communication systems. The unit of sound intensity is decibel (dB). The sound intensity from 0 to 100 dB is pleasant but when the sound intensity exceeds 120 dB, it causes noise. Sound intensity of 130 dB is the upper limit of the threshold of hearing and beyond this, is the threshold of pain which may cause damage to car and leading to hearing impairment. So, sound of more than 130 dB causes noise pollution. Sources of Noise Pollution: The pollution of noise can be caused by natural processes or by human activities. (1) Transport noise; (2) Industrial noise; and (3) Neighbourhood noise. 1. Transport noise: The main threat of noise comes from transport sector. The transport noise includes road traffic noise, rail traffic noise and aircraft noise. (a)  Road traffic noise: The chief causes of road traffic noise are the number of road vehicles and their high traffic speed. Faster moving vehicles produce high noise from their gear box, exhaust system, vibrations from their body, etc. (b) Rail traffic noise: The noise from rail traffic is comparatively lower than that from road traffic. Introduction of diesel engines or electrical engines has reduced the intensity of rail traffic noise which was previously shown by steam engine. Besides use of welded tracks and improved coach suspension have contributed to the reduction in railways noise, (c) Aircraft noise: Larger and faster aircrafts produce high noise intermittently during take-off, landing and during flight. Noise generates from compressor and turbine and near jet exhaust. Jet engines create most noise around a radius of 16 km. Sonic boom is an important aspect of aircraft noise. Sonic boom occurs when an aircraft flies supersonically overhead. (2) Industrial noise: The different machines of numerous industries, factories and mills produce a lot of high intensity sounds causing noise pollution. Some industrial processes like weaning, ship building, boiler making, pressing and blasting operations are nosier than others. The operations in pneumatic drills, milling machines, cutters, printing press with an upward, downward and sideways movement and vibrations, cause lowering of hearing capacity to a large extent. The noise pollution is further magnified due to the installation of industries in compact places. For example, the workers near the heavy industrial blowers in steel industry are exposed to sound of 112dB for eight hours and hence suffer from occupational pollution. 3. Neighbourhood noise: This type of noise includes antisocial activities of neighbours like using of loud TV, stereo, radio sets, jazz music, fireworks parties, playing of children, barking of dogs, neighbourhood brawls out of intoxication and industrial neighbourhood noise etc. The machines used in house construction like concrete mixes, vibrators, bulldozers, heavy diesel lorry, building demolition activities also add to the noise pollution. Noise is air-borne mechanical energy striking the human eardrum. A sound of 65dB is the noise level for conversation heart at a distance of one meter. A sound of 125dB (A) gives the sensation of pain in the ear and 150dB (A) might kill a human being. If a noise of 90dB in the mid-frequency range reaches the ear for more than few minutes, then the sensitivity of the ear is reduced. The various effects of noise pollution on human beings may be classified in to two categories: (1) Auditory effects (2) Non-auditory effects. 1. Auditory effects: The impairing of hearing which may cause immediate auditory fatigue finally leading to deafness is known as auditory effects. 2. Non-auditory effects: These effects include interference with speech communication, annoyance leading to ill-temper, bickering, mental disorientation, violent behavior and a series of health hazards.   Ã‚   Permissible Noise Levels (Control): We have already discussed the sources of noise of different intensity and their hazardous impact on living organisms particularly on man. Still we work and live in the environment where the noise level is not optimum. Thus it is rightly told by Robert Koch that noise pollution is a slow agent of death. The peoples working in areas where the intensity of noise is comparatively higher suffering from progressive hearing loss, physiological (health) and psychological hazards including tension. The maximum permissible noise levels at different are summarize. . Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution: Noise produced from different sources has created a catastrophe to the entire living world specially to man. Hence, necessary steps should be taken to minimise the level of noise thereby protecting the living world from its detrimental effects. Few methods of minimising noise pollution are discussed below: (1) Industrial noise pollution control: The level of noise pollution due to industries can be lowered down by adopting the following techniques: (a) Use of improved technique: The noise at source can be reduced by replacing noise producing machines with suitable improved technique. For example, the noise from exhaust fans can be decreased either by increasing the number of blades or by decreasing the rotational speed. (b) Sound proofing: An insulating material may be applied on the noise producing machinery and equipments which causes sound proofing. (c) Transmission control: The level of noise can be minimised by covering the walls of the room by sound absorber (e.g. acoustic tiles), introducing gaskets around the doors and windows, sealing all the outlets and putting carpet, drapery and acoustic materials inside the room. (d) Creation of green vegetation cover: Plants and trees should be planted along highways, streets and industrial areas because the vegetation covers absorb and dissipate sound energy and acts as a buffer zone. (e) Using protective devices: The use of ear plugs or ear muffs or even cotton balls by the worker in the industry can protect them from hazardous effects of noise pollution. (f) Operations in open space: Noisy industrial operations should be conducted at open spaces far off from residential areas. (g) Use of Building codes: Certain codes should be enforced which require sound proofing in the construction of industries, buildings and apartments. 2. Community noise control:   The community noise control includes minimization of noise from air traffic, transport system, building constructions etc. The noises from the above sources can be lowered by adopting the following procedures: (a) The air traffic noise can be reduced either by suitable technique or by zoning the area around the airport and not allowing for the construction of houses or industries within 10 meters of the airport. (b) The road traffic noise includes tyre noise, engine intake noise, exhaust noise, aerodynamic noise, noise from blowing of horns etc. Such type of noise pollution can be controlled by incorporating silencers in vehicles, maintaining speed limit prescribed for the vehicle and banning air horns. (c) The loudspeakers, radio and music system should be operated at threshold intensity so that the noise level should not be hazardous to living organisms. (d) Public awareness should be created to educate the common man about the harmful effects of noise pollution, through radio, television, newspapers etc. (e) The noise can be reduced by introduction of new regulations which mainly include lowering speed limits and designing for non-stop operation. (f) Stringent laws should be implemented to control noise pollution. For example, Motor Vehicle Act of India provides restrictions on heavy vehicles using double sirens while passing through populated areas. (g) The laying of ballast less tracks reduces the noise level due to railways. (h) The noise pollution can best be controlled by promoting education and research.

If the White House Walls Could Talk :: American America History

If the White House Walls Could Talk They paint over me so many times as if they could cover up my memories. My memories cannot be covered up or erased, just as your memories they go on forever. I will never forget the Watergate scandal and Richard Nixon or women's rights from the mid-1800s to the 1900s. During the Watergate scandal, President Nixon corrupted justice, created a constitutional crisis, and eventually was forced to resign. President Richard Nixon corrupted justice. He led CREEP, which is the Republican committee for the re-election of the President. They sabotaged the Democratic Party. They were the actual burglars. CREEP were the people who really went into the Watergate apartments to wiretap and photograph documents. They raised tens of millions of dollars illegally for Nixon's reelection. Nixon alone without the people who worked under him hid tapes that contained evidence of the Watergate scandal. He only submitted excerpts from the tapes that made him look innocent. I remember when Nixon refused to hand over any of the other tapes. He claimed "executive privilege" and "separation of powers." From what the other walls and I saw after he was forced by the Senate to turn in the rest of the evidence he displayed complete dishonesty. He ignored lawful subpoenas; at leas t that is what the oval walls of Nixon's office told everyone. One of the West Wing's walls told me of speech he made saying he knew nothing of the Watergate cover-up and the nine months after the whole incident occurred he gave a speech taking responsibility and blame for the whole thing. The only good thing that I saw come out of the Watergate scandal was that it made the nation stronger. The United States of America survived a true constitutional test. It proved that impeachment is successful. Connecticut's Judge John Sirica, North Carolina's Senator Sam Ervin, and Professor Archibald Cox prosecuted Nixon for the Watergate scandal.

Effects of Brand Association on Small Scale Traders Essay

Effects of Brand Association on Small-Scale Traders Introduction            What are the effects of brand association on the performance of small-scale traders? Brand, in this case, refers to the version of a product made by one particular manufacturer. Levitt (1983) affirms that positive brand associations are developed if the product which the brand depicts is durable, marketable and desirable. He further asserts that the customers must be persuaded through advertisements, that the brand possesses the features and attributes that will satisfy their needs. This will lead to customers having a positive impression about the product. Positive brand association helps an organization to gain goodwill, and obstructs the competitor’s entry into the market.            Hypothetically speaking, one would say that effort coupled with utmost discipline on the side of the small-scale traders would assure them total success. It makes so much sense when looked at on the surface. Truth be told, brand association is inevitable if the small-scale traders are to thrive. Though an idea that I am suggesting for the big question throbbing on every small-scale trader’s mind, it has not yet been proved to be correct. The bottom line is, brand association has an influence on the performance of small scale traders. This is because it provides consumers with a point of differentiation of the various types of products provided by the small-scale traders. Brand association is an important dimension of brand equity because, like human association, it is both differentiating and enduring. Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value are considered pivotal determinants of shaping behaviors and product choice (Bishop, 2004). Methods of recruitment            When looking at the methods to be used in recruiting people who would carry out the research, it would be prudent to seek the work of professionals. This would be because professionals are adequately equipped and have been in the practice for a while, hence would render the very best. This way value for the finances spent on the whole process is sure. A matter of great importance that cannot be ignored would be how the recruitment process should go down. This is in order to take in, not just professionals, but the best in the market. There are a number of viable and proven recruitment methods that will most assuredly give the best results, in terms of professional personality. Firstly, I would develop a job description making crystal the requirements necessary for the work at hand. Sending local e-mails would not be an option to ensure extensive coverage of the advertisement (Managing Agency workers, 2013). The e-mails would inform potential staff of the opening an d ask them to share the information with family and friends. More to that, posting on a website with a link to employee testimonies would go a long way in communication in regard to the recruitment. Finally, since advertising via television would be a bit costly, radio would be the perfect media of communication. This is because it would especially get to the people at the grass roots Levitt (1983).            In conclusion, measure is key in the whole process and must be put in check. Measure refers to the quantitative necessity in the whole research process. The study measure to be used will totally be dependent on the market size occupied by the small-scale traders (Meenaghan, 1995). Using large, medium, and small market sizes, having 2 hectares as the size of a small market, approximately 3 employees would comfortably cover the area. The question of relativity cannot be ignored to clearly and acceptably bring home the key question here, which is, ‘what study measure?’ With all that in place, the question of the effects of brand association on performance of small-scale traders would have been adequately and appropriately responded to. References Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, May/June, pp. 23-26. Meenaghan, T. (1995). The role of advertising in brand image development. Journal of Brand and Product Management, Vol. 4 Issue 4, pp. 23-24. Source document

The Health Center Is The Only Health Resource - 1886 Words

The Student Health Center is the only health resource that is on campus for students to access. The staff at the health center consists of physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals that are available to help during open hours. For enrolled students, a visit to the health center is free of charge with the exception of certain labs and x-rays that ranges in costs. You can either walk-in Monday through Thursdays between 8am-6pm and on Fridays from 8am-4pm. You can also schedule a same day appointment if you feel more comfortable with that. The health center offers a lot of services within the center including men’s services, women’s services, immunizations, laboratory, and many more, however, some of these services have underlying issues. The issues that I found within the Health Center are all centered around costs and fees, such as the women and men services and having an unfair costs between those services that are given. The Health Center also has more expensive prices for the services that they administer compared to other college campuses and they charge unnecessary costs to some of the laboratory tests. Lastly, students get charged the health fee for both semesters when they are not even using the resource, making it something that is benefitting everyone else but themselves. Mens/ Women’s Service’s The men’s services that are offered at the Health Center consists of health promotion and disease prevention, addressing concerns with male genitalia alongShow MoreRelatedWhy The Family Health Nurse Can Be A Useful Resource Within The Community895 Words   |  4 PagesThe public health nurse works within the community and focuses on care to the public, whether it is sick or well-care. Public health nurses collaborate with various agencies within the community to help improve or stabilize the health of the community while also promoting healthy living. 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Sci-224 Astronomy with Lab Course Project Essay example

| The Big Bang | The Origin and Evolution of the Universe | | [Type the author name] | 4/11/2013 | Astronomy with Lab DeVry University This paper looks at the Big Bang Theory. It examines the history of the theory and the scientific ideas on which it is based. It also examines some of the evidence proving the Big Bang and addresses some of the more common arguments against it. | Contents The Search for Creation 3 The Big Bang Theory 3 Supporting Observations 4 Objections 5 Conclusion 5 References 7 The Search for Creation Man seems, by nature, to be a curious creature. We are always looking for explanations for natural phenomena. We have attributed the sound of thunder and lightning in the sky to Thor.†¦show more content†¦The Big Bang Theory The currently accepted model of the Big Bang is that the the universe is not static but is expanding and that the expansion began in an incredibly hot, dense Big Bang approximately 13.72 billion years ago (Krause, 2012, p. 25). This hot, dense bit of matter was only a few millimeters across and contained all of the matter and energy that makes up our universe and as it expanded, it cooled and over the billions of years of existence the universe settled into its current state. In 1916 Einstein proposed his new General Theory of Relativity that built upon Newtons Universal Theory of Gravitation which showed that gravity is responsible for the motions of both planets and falling objects near the Earth (Fix, p 86). Einstein theory des cribes gravity as a curvature in four-dimensional spacetime (Singh, p. 502). The original intent of the theory was to explain the inaccuracies of Mercurys orbit when using Newtons law and the Suns bending of light. The Cosmological Principle is the assumption that if you viewed the universe as a whole it would appear roughly the same everywhere and in every direction. That is, the matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over very large scales (Universe 101, n.p.). In 1929 Edwin Hubble, for whom the Hubble Space

How does Elie Wiesel change in response to his...

Everyday, we go through situations and experiences that affect us in someway, perhaps even change us. Different situations have different effects. The more difficult the situation is, the more of an effect it has on us. Those hard times can be called adversity. How do we, as humans, react to adversity? What are the possible effects it may have? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An example of adversity is the Holocaust - Hitler‘s plan to exterminate the Jews. In the memoir, Night, we discover how Elie Wiesel changes in response to his concentration camp experiences. The separation from his loved ones and the horrible conditions of these camps affect Elie immensely. Elie is affected in the following ways:†¦show more content†¦That is why he uses bread and soup in order to try to sway the other prisoners from giving his father a hard time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Eli has a definite change emotionally. He thinks about the things he would never consider if he was not in Auschwitz. For example, on page 102, Elie says, â€Å"I gave him what was left of my soup, But it was with a heavy heart. I felt that I was giving it up to him against my will.† In the beginning, it was as if Elie would do anything for his father. After all, his father was older and it was Elie’s turn to look after him. After a while, his father seems like almost a burden to him. Elie felt obligated to give him the rest of his food, but if given the choice, he probably would not have given it up easily. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The spiritual change in Elie was substantial. He went from a pious, devout Jew who spent countless of hours studying his faith. He never questioned God, but that is probably because everything was always good. During his stay at the concentration camps, Elie never stops believing in God, although he does question what he is doing. On page 64, Elie says, â€Å"Why, but why I should I bless Him? In every fiber I rebelled. Because He had thousands of children burned in His pits? Because He kept six crematories working night and day, on Sundays and feast days? Because in His great might He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many factories of death?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows theShow MoreRelatedThe Horrors of Genocide: Night, by Elie Wiesel1699 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that they were superior to others because of their physical attributes and beliefs that they had. The Holocaust is a major example of the ignorance of some in history. This ignorance often resulted in the murders and mistreatment of many. Elie Wiesel was one of the six million plus people who were wrongfully mistreated during the Holocaust. 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Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1928- ), a journalist and Professor of Humanities at Boston University, is an author of 21 books. The first of his collection, entitled Night, is a terrifying account of Wiesels boyhood experience as a WWII Jewish prisoner of Hitlers dominant and secretive Nazi party. At age 16 he was taken from his home in SighetRead MoreIndifference By Elie Wiesel1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthat most people experience at some point or another through fictional novels or a biography, or a speech. The question is how do they do it and why. Through their use of stories and word choice authors are able to heighten emotional intensity in order to manipulate the reader into feeling certain emotions. 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Analysis of Leaders in Innovation free essay sample

The ability to be creative and think outside of the box is fundamental in today’s more challenging and competitive business landscape. Organizations today are looking for business professionals who have the ability to lead through innovation. Innovation is the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs. This is accomplished through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments, and society. In order for organizations to stay fresh and up to date they need individuals who are able to innovate and inspire new products or ideas. CEO of HCL Technologies, Vineet Nayar, is most notably known for his approach to leading innovation and transforming his at-risk IT services company into a global leader. By examining Nayars innovation model, and that of other leaders like him, we can learn more about the skills and behaviors of such leaders and how they prepare their organizations to be more innovative. In this essay, the author will analyze research studies conducted on leaders of innovation and expound on the discovery skills of successful leaders in innovation. In the article, Strategic leadership for the 21st Century, the premise of the article is based on the notion that the 21st century was predicted by scholars to bring a highly competitive and challenging landscape in the business community. Scholars and practitioners alike argued that managers would be required to think creatively and be more innovative in developing a vision for their organizations in order to survive the changing and more challenging competitive landscape. The first decade of the 21st century was one of significant turbulence in American history. The key to thriving in the business community during this triumphant period in America’s history and even now today, is for individuals in the business community to take initiative and use their inherent capability to think creatively and be innovators in their field. Hitt et al. (1998) and Ireland and Hitt (1999) described the capabilities needed for effective strategic leadership in the new competitive landscape expected for the 21st century; all of the following traits were exhibited by Nayar at HCL Technologies. They argued that effective strategic leaders had to: (1) develop and communicate a vision, (2) build dynamic core competencies, (3) emphasize and effectively use human capital, (4) invest in the development of new technologies, (5) engage in valuable strategies, (6) build and maintain an effective organizational culture, (7) develop and implement balanced controls, and (8) engage in ethical practices (Hitt, Haynes and Serpa, 2010). The five discovery skills that comprise an innovator’s DNA are associating, questioning, observing, networking and experimenting (Dyer, Gregersen Christensen, 2011). A leader who is supporting innovation within an organization should inspire team members to develop these five discovery skills. Society’s general consensus is that the ability to think creatively and be a leader through innovation is genetic and one must be born with the gift. Innovators are supposedly right-brained, meaning that they are genetically endowed with creative abilities. Most of the population is left-brained and more logical, linear thinking individuals. Though everyone may not have the natural ability to think outside of the box, everyone has some capacity for creativity in terms of how they proceed in their business practices. In the article, â€Å"How I did it: A Maverick CEO Explains How He Persuaded His Team to Leap into the Future,† CEO of HCL Technologies, Vineet Nayar, explains the aforementioned title. Nayar had to use innovative thinking to persuade other top dogs in his company that HCL Technologies needed to make strategic changes in their business practices in order to better position the organization for success in the future. Nayer took persistent action in transforming HCL Technologies through innovative thinking and he followed four of the discovery skills associated with innovative thinking that is outlined in The Innovator’s DNA textbook. Specifically, innovators engage the following behavioral skills more frequently: Associating, Questioning, Observing, Networking, and Experimenting. In the article by Nayer, Nayer exhibited all of these discovery skills as an innovator in his organization. Nayar travelled worldwide to visit different offices in his company. He met with senior managers in small groups and at larger gatherings discussing the issues that he saw needed to be fixed within the company. Nayar also met with customers who gave him subsidiary feedback which helped him to better create an action plan to innovatively transform his company. In July 2005, Nayar convened a meeting with his top 100 managers in order to collaboratively develop a strategy to reinvent their company. Nayar proposed that HCL transform itself from an IT services vendor into an end-to-end global IT service partner that could compete against the likes of IMB, Accenture, and EDS. At first, everyone was not on board with Nayar’s strategy, but after three days of intense debate, Nayar was successful in swaying company top dogs to go along with his innovative strategy (Nayar, 2010). Nayar began holding informal meetings with frontline employees, engaging them in discussions about the kind of company they wanted to work for and how they saw their jobs. These meetings became more formal in 2006, with a series of companywide meetings called â€Å"Directions. † These meetings still continue within the company today in order to promote harmonious work relations (Nayar, 2010). Leading through innovation requires one to be both a leader and an innovator in their field, both which Nayar successfully executed as CEO at his company. The meaning of innovation has been discussed earlier in this essay. Now, for one to be recognized as a leader they must realize first, to lead involves influencing others. Second, where there are leaders there are followers. Third, leaders seem to come to the fore when there is a crisis or special problem. In other words, they often become visible when an innovative response is needed. Fourth, leaders are people who have a clear idea of what they want to achieve and why. Thus, leaders are people who are able to think and act creatively in non-routine situations – and who set out to influence the actions, beliefs, and feelings of others (Doyle, Smith 2001). In The Innovator’s DNA textbook, Dyer, Gregersen, and Christensen highlight the five aforementioned discovery skills for successful innovation: associating, questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. They also highlight four delivery or execution skills which include analyzing, planning, detail-oriented implementing, and self-disciplined executing. Dyer, Gregersen, and Christensen researched and tested the assertion that innovative executives have a different set of skills than typical executives; the researchers used the innovator’s DNA assessment to measure the percentile rank of a sample of high profile innovative entrepreneurs on both the five discovery skills and the four delivery skills. The researchers averaged their percentile rank scores across the five discovery skills to get an overall percentile rank, and then did the same thing across the four delivery skills to get an overall percentile rank. The researchers refer to the overall percentile rank across the five discovery skills as the â€Å"discovery quotient† or DQ. While intellectual quotient (or IQ) tests are designed to measure general intelligence and emotional quotient (or EQ) assessments measure emotional intelligence (ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of ourselves and others), discovery quotient (DQ) is designed to measure our ability to discover ideas for new ventures, products, and processes. The conducted research analysis showed that the high-profile innovative entrepreneurs scored in the eighty-eighth percentile on discovery skills, but only scored in the fifty-sixth percentile on delivery skills. Essentially being just average at execution. The same analysis was then conducted for a sample of non-founder CEOs (executives who had never started a new business). Which concurred that most senior executives in large organizations were the mirror image of innovative entrepreneurs: they scored around the eightieth percentile on delivery skills, while scoring only above average on discovery skills (sixty-second percentile). In essence, they are selected primarily for their execution skills. This focus on execution is even more pronounced in business unit managers and functional managers, who are worse at discovery than typical CEOs. This data shows that innovative organizations are led by individuals with a very high DQ. It also shows that even within an average organization, discovery skills tend to distinguish those who make it to the highest levels of the organization (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, 2011). In conclusion, Vineet Nayar was able to transform his company by executing the discovery skills of associating, observing, questioning, experimenting, and networking. The key factors implemented by Nayar in the transformation of HCL Technologies were (1) talking with people and facing the truth and acknowledging that there is an issue that requires addressing. (2) Finding ways to build a culture of trust so that people will entertain the plan for change. (3) Making support functions and executives accountable to frontline employees versus the other way around. (4) Lastly, transfer the ownership of change from the office of the CEO to the employees and allow the CEO to ask as many questions as the employee answers.